/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.lang3.builder;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Objects;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.Strings;

/**
 * Controls {@link String} formatting for {@link ToStringBuilder}. The main public interface is always via {@link ToStringBuilder}.
 *
 * <p>
 * These classes are intended to be used as <em>singletons</em>. There is no need to instantiate a new style each time. A program will generally use one of the
 * predefined constants on this class. Alternatively, the {@link StandardToStringStyle} class can be used to set the individual settings. Thus most styles can
 * be achieved without subclassing.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * If required, a subclass can override as many or as few of the methods as it requires. Each object type (from {@code boolean} to {@code long} to
 * {@link Object} to {@code int[]}) has its own methods to output it. Most have two versions, detail and summary.
 *
 * <p>
 * For example, the detail version of the array based methods will output the whole array, whereas the summary method will just output the array length.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * If you want to format the output of certain objects, such as dates, you must create a subclass and override a method.
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class MyStyle extends ToStringStyle {
 *
 *     protected void appendDetail(StringBuffer buffer, String fieldName, Object value) {
 *         if (value instanceof Date) {
 *             value = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(value);
 *         }
 *         buffer.append(value);
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * @since 1.0
 */
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation") // StringEscapeUtils
public abstract class ToStringStyle implements Serializable {

    /**
     * Default {@link ToStringStyle}.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class DefaultToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        /**
         * Required for serialization support.
         *
         * @see Serializable
         */
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        DefaultToStringStyle() {
        }

        /**
         * Ensure Singleton after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return DEFAULT_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that outputs with JSON format.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     *
     * @since 3.4
     * @see <a href="https://www.json.org/">json.org</a>
     */
    private static final class JsonToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
        private static final String FIELD_NAME_QUOTE = "\"";

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        JsonToStringStyle() {
            setUseClassName(false);
            setUseIdentityHashCode(false);
            setContentStart("{");
            setContentEnd("}");
            setArrayStart("[");
            setArrayEnd("]");
            setFieldSeparator(",");
            setFieldNameValueSeparator(":");
            setNullText("null");
            setSummaryObjectStartText("\"<");
            setSummaryObjectEndText(">\"");
            setSizeStartText("\"<size=");
            setSizeEndText(">\"");
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, value, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkAppendInput(fieldName, fullDetail);
            super.append(buffer, fieldName, array, fullDetail);
        }

        @Override
        protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char value) {
            appendValueAsString(buffer, String.valueOf(value));
        }

        @Override
        protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Collection<?> coll) {
            if (coll != null && !coll.isEmpty()) {
                buffer.append(getArrayStart());
                int i = 0;
                for (final Object item : coll) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, i++, item);
                }
                buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
                return;
            }
            buffer.append(coll);
        }

        @Override
        protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Map<?, ?> map) {
            if (map != null && !map.isEmpty()) {
                buffer.append(getContentStart());
                boolean firstItem = true;
                for (final Entry<?, ?> entry : map.entrySet()) {
                    final String keyStr = Objects.toString(entry.getKey(), null);
                    if (keyStr != null) {
                        if (firstItem) {
                            firstItem = false;
                        } else {
                            appendFieldEnd(buffer, keyStr);
                        }
                        appendFieldStart(buffer, keyStr);
                        final Object value = entry.getValue();
                        if (value == null) {
                            appendNullText(buffer, keyStr);
                        } else {
                            appendInternal(buffer, keyStr, value, true);
                        }
                    }
                }
                buffer.append(getContentEnd());
                return;
            }
            buffer.append(map);
        }

        @Override
        protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value) {
            if (value == null) {
                appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
                return;
            }
            if (value instanceof String || value instanceof Character) {
                appendValueAsString(buffer, value.toString());
                return;
            }
            if (value instanceof Number || value instanceof Boolean) {
                buffer.append(value);
                return;
            }
            final String valueAsString = value.toString();
            if (isJsonObject(valueAsString) || isJsonArray(valueAsString)) {
                buffer.append(value);
                return;
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, valueAsString);
        }

        @Override
        protected void appendFieldStart(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName) {
            checkFieldName(fieldName);
            super.appendFieldStart(buffer, FIELD_NAME_QUOTE + StringEscapeUtils.escapeJson(fieldName) + FIELD_NAME_QUOTE);
        }

        /**
         * Appends the given String enclosed in double-quotes to the given StringBuffer.
         *
         * @param buffer The StringBuffer to append the value to.
         * @param value  The value to append.
         */
        private void appendValueAsString(final StringBuffer buffer, final String value) {
            buffer.append('"').append(StringEscapeUtils.escapeJson(value)).append('"');
        }

        private void checkAppendInput(final String fieldName, final Boolean fullDetail) {
            checkFieldName(fieldName);
            checkIsFullDetail(fullDetail);
        }

        private void checkFieldName(final String fieldName) {
            if (fieldName == null) {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Field names are mandatory when using JsonToStringStyle");
            }
        }

        private void checkIsFullDetail(final Boolean fullDetail) {
            if (!isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("FullDetail must be true when using JsonToStringStyle");
            }
        }

        private boolean isJsonArray(final String valueAsString) {
            return valueAsString.startsWith(getArrayStart()) && valueAsString.endsWith(getArrayEnd());
        }

        private boolean isJsonObject(final String valueAsString) {
            return valueAsString.startsWith(getContentStart()) && valueAsString.endsWith(getContentEnd());
        }

        /**
         * Ensure Singleton after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return JSON_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that outputs on multiple lines.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class MultiLineToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        MultiLineToStringStyle() {
            setContentStart("[");
            setFieldSeparator(System.lineSeparator() + "  ");
            setFieldSeparatorAtStart(true);
            setContentEnd(System.lineSeparator() + "]");
        }

        /**
         * Ensure Singleton after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return MULTI_LINE_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that does not print out the class name and identity hash code but prints content start and field names.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class NoClassNameToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        NoClassNameToStringStyle() {
            setUseClassName(false);
            setUseIdentityHashCode(false);
        }

        /**
         * Ensure Singleton after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return NO_CLASS_NAME_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that does not print out the field names.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class NoFieldNameToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        NoFieldNameToStringStyle() {
            setUseFieldNames(false);
        }

        /**
         * Ensure Singleton after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return NO_FIELD_NAMES_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that prints out the short class name and no identity hash code.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class ShortPrefixToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        ShortPrefixToStringStyle() {
            setUseShortClassName(true);
            setUseIdentityHashCode(false);
        }

        /**
         * Ensure {@code Singleton} after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@link ToStringStyle} that does not print out the class name, identity hash code, content start or field name.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is an inner class rather than using {@link StandardToStringStyle} to ensure its immutability.
     * </p>
     */
    private static final class SimpleToStringStyle extends ToStringStyle {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance.
         *
         * <p>
         * Use the static constant rather than instantiating.
         * </p>
         */
        SimpleToStringStyle() {
            setUseClassName(false);
            setUseIdentityHashCode(false);
            setUseFieldNames(false);
            setContentStart(StringUtils.EMPTY);
            setContentEnd(StringUtils.EMPTY);
        }

        /**
         * Ensure <code>Singleton</code> after serialization.
         *
         * @return The singleton
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return SIMPLE_STYLE;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Serialization version ID.
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2587890625525655916L;

    /**
     * The default toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * Person@182f0db[name=John Doe,age=33,smoker=false]
     * </pre>
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle DEFAULT_STYLE = new DefaultToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The multi line toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * Person@182f0db[
     *   name=John Doe
     *   age=33
     *   smoker=false
     * ]
     * </pre>
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle MULTI_LINE_STYLE = new MultiLineToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The no field names toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * Person@182f0db[John Doe,33,false]
     * </pre>
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle NO_FIELD_NAMES_STYLE = new NoFieldNameToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The short prefix toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * Person[name=John Doe,age=33,smoker=false]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE = new ShortPrefixToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The simple toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * John Doe,33,false
     * </pre>
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle SIMPLE_STYLE = new SimpleToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The no class name toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * [name=John Doe,age=33,smoker=false]
     * </pre>
     *
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle NO_CLASS_NAME_STYLE = new NoClassNameToStringStyle();

    /**
     * The JSON toString style. Using the {@code Person} example from {@link ToStringBuilder}, the output would look like this:
     *
     * <pre>
     * {"name": "John Doe", "age": 33, "smoker": true}
     * </pre>
     *
     * <strong>Note:</strong> Since field names are mandatory in JSON, this ToStringStyle will throw an {@link UnsupportedOperationException} if no field name
     * is passed in while appending. Furthermore This ToStringStyle will only generate valid JSON if referenced objects also produce JSON when calling
     * {@code toString()} on them.
     *
     * @since 3.4
     * @see <a href="https://www.json.org/">json.org</a>
     */
    public static final ToStringStyle JSON_STYLE = new JsonToStringStyle();

    /**
     * A registry of objects used by {@code reflectionToString} methods to detect cyclical object references and avoid infinite loops.
     * Identity-based comparison is required so that cyclic objects (e.g. an ArrayList whose hashCode() would recurse) can be
     * registered and looked up without triggering infinite recursion through equals/hashCode.
     */
    private static final ThreadLocal<IdentityHashMap<Object, Object>> REGISTRY = ThreadLocal.withInitial(IdentityHashMap::new);
    /*
     * Note that objects of this class are generally shared between threads, so an instance variable would not be suitable here.
     *
     * In normal use the registry should always be left empty, because the caller should call toString() which will clean up.
     *
     * See LANG-792
     */

    /**
     * A per-thread set of objects already rendered in detail during the current top-level
     * {@code reflectionToString} call. Unlike {@link #REGISTRY}, which is a depth-first visit
     * <em>stack</em> (entries are removed when a visit completes) and therefore only detects
     * cycles, this set is only cleared when the top-level call completes. Styles that recurse
     * into arbitrary object graphs (see {@link RecursiveToStringStyle}) consult it so that shared
     * (acyclic) references are detailed at most once per top-level call, keeping traversal cost
     * linear in the size of the object graph instead of exponential on reference diamonds.
     * Identity-based for the same reason as {@link #REGISTRY}. Empty unless such a style is in use.
     */
    private static final ThreadLocal<IdentityHashMap<Object, Object>> VISITED = ThreadLocal.withInitial(IdentityHashMap::new);

    /**
     * Gets the registry of objects being traversed by the {@code reflectionToString} methods in the current thread.
     *
     * @return Set the registry of objects being traversed.
     */
    public static Map<Object, Object> getRegistry() {
        return REGISTRY.get();
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the registry contains the given object. Used by the reflection methods to avoid infinite loops.
     *
     * @param value The object to lookup in the registry.
     * @return boolean {@code true} if the registry contains the given object.
     */
    static boolean isRegistered(final Object value) {
        return getRegistry().containsKey(value);
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the given object has already been rendered in detail during the current
     * top-level {@code reflectionToString} call. Used by graph-recursing styles to avoid
     * exponential re-traversal of shared (acyclic) references.
     *
     * @param value The object to look up in the visited set.
     * @return {@code true} if the object was already visited in this top-level call.
     */
    static boolean isVisited(final Object value) {
        return VISITED.get().containsKey(value);
    }

    /**
     * Marks the given object as rendered in detail for the current top-level
     * {@code reflectionToString} call. The mark is cleared when the top-level call completes
     * (when the visit stack in {@link #REGISTRY} empties).
     *
     * @param value The object to mark as visited.
     */
    static void markVisited(final Object value) {
        if (value != null) {
            VISITED.get().put(value, null);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Registers the given object. Used by the reflection methods to avoid infinite loops.
     *
     * @param value The object to register.
     */
    static void register(final Object value) {
        if (value != null) {
            getRegistry().put(value, null);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Unregisters the given object.
     *
     * <p>
     * Used by the reflection methods to avoid infinite loops.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param value The object to unregister.
     */
    static void unregister(final Object value) {
        if (value != null) {
            final Map<Object, Object> m = getRegistry();
            m.remove(value);
            if (m.isEmpty()) {
                REGISTRY.remove();
                // The top-level reflectionToString call is complete: clear the visited set as well.
                VISITED.remove();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Whether to use the field names, the default is {@code true}.
     */
    private boolean useFieldNames = true;

    /**
     * Whether to use the class name, the default is {@code true}.
     */
    private boolean useClassName = true;

    /**
     * Whether to use short class names, the default is {@code false}.
     */
    private boolean useShortClassName;

    /**
     * Whether to use the identity hash code, the default is {@code true}.
     */
    private boolean useIdentityHashCode = true;

    /**
     * The content start {@code '['}.
     */
    private String contentStart = "[";

    /**
     * The content end {@code ']'}.
     */
    private String contentEnd = "]";

    /**
     * The field name value separator {@code '='}.
     */
    private String fieldNameValueSeparator = "=";

    /**
     * Whether the field separator should be added before any other fields.
     */
    private boolean fieldSeparatorAtStart;

    /**
     * Whether the field separator should be added after any other fields.
     */
    private boolean fieldSeparatorAtEnd;

    /**
     * The field separator {@code ','}.
     */
    private String fieldSeparator = ",";

    /**
     * The array start <code>'{'</code>.
     */
    private String arrayStart = "{";

    /**
     * The array separator {@code ','}.
     */
    private String arraySeparator = ",";

    /**
     * The detail for array content.
     */
    private boolean arrayContentDetail = true;

    /**
     * The array end {@code '}'}.
     */
    private String arrayEnd = "}";

    /**
     * The value to use when fullDetail is {@code null}, the default value is {@code true}.
     */
    private boolean defaultFullDetail = true;

    /**
     * The {@code null} text {@code "<null>"}.
     */
    private String nullText = "<null>";

    /**
     * The summary size text start {@code "<size="}.
     */
    private String sizeStartText = "<size=";

    /**
     * The summary size text start {@code ">"}.
     */
    private String sizeEndText = ">";

    /**
     * The summary object text start {@code "<"}.
     */
    private String summaryObjectStartText = "<";

    /**
     * The summary object text start {@code ">"}.
     */
    private String summaryObjectEndText = ">";

    /**
     * Constructs a new instance.
     */
    protected ToStringStyle() {
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code boolean} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code boolean} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the toString.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code byte} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code byte} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code char} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code char} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code double} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code double} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the toString.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code float} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code float} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the toString.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@code int} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@code int} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code long} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code long} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object} value, printing the full {@code toString} of the {@link Object} passed in.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param value      The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (value == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else {
            appendInternal(buffer, fieldName, value, isFullDetail(fullDetail));
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the toString.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code short} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short value) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code short} array.
     *
     * @param buffer     The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName  The field name.
     * @param array      The array to add to the {@code toString}.
     * @param fullDetail {@code true} for detail, {@code false} for summary info, {@code null} for style decides.
     */
    public void append(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short[] array, final Boolean fullDetail) {
        appendFieldStart(buffer, fieldName);
        if (array == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else if (isFullDetail(fullDetail)) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array);
        } else {
            appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, array);
        }
        appendFieldEnd(buffer, fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the class name.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param object The {@link Object} whose name to output.
     */
    protected void appendClassName(final StringBuffer buffer, final Object object) {
        if (isUseClassName() && object != null) {
            register(object);
            if (isUseShortClassName()) {
                buffer.append(getShortClassName(object.getClass()));
            } else {
                buffer.append(object.getClass().getName());
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the content end.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     */
    protected void appendContentEnd(final StringBuffer buffer) {
        buffer.append(getContentEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the content start.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     */
    protected void appendContentStart(final StringBuffer buffer) {
        buffer.append(getContentStart());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object} value that has been detected to participate in a cycle. This implementation will print the standard
     * string value of the value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     * @since 2.2
     */
    protected void appendCyclicObject(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value) {
        ObjectUtils.identityToString(buffer, value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code boolean} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code boolean} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code byte} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code byte} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code char} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code char} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@link Collection}.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param coll      The {@link Collection} to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Collection<?> coll) {
        buffer.append('['); // backward compatibility
        boolean first = true;
        for (final Object item : coll) {
            if (!first) {
                buffer.append(", "); // backward compatibility
            }
            first = false;
            if (item == null) {
                appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
            } else {
                appendInternal(buffer, fieldName, item, true);
            }
        }
        buffer.append(']'); // backward compatibility
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code double} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code double} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code float} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code float} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@code int} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of an {@link Object} array item.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param i         The array item index to add.
     * @param item      The array item to add.
     * @since 3.11
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int i, final Object item) {
        if (i > 0) {
            buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
        }
        if (item == null) {
            appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
        } else {
            appendInternal(buffer, fieldName, item, isArrayContentDetail());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of an {@code int} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code long} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code long} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@link Map}.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param map       The {@link Map} to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Map<?, ?> map) {
        buffer.append('{'); // backward compatibility
        boolean first = true;
        for (final Map.Entry<?, ?> item : map.entrySet()) {
            if (!first) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
                buffer.append(' '); // backward compatibility
            }
            first = false;
            if (item == null) {
                appendNullText(buffer, fieldName);
            } else {
                appendInternal(buffer, fieldName, item.getKey(), true);
                buffer.append(getFieldNameValueSeparator());
                appendInternal(buffer, fieldName, item.getValue(), true);
            }
        }
        buffer.append('}'); // backward compatibility
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object} value, printing the full detail of the {@link Object}.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of an {@link Object} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, i, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a {@code short} value.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short value) {
        buffer.append(value);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of a {@code short} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short[] array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                buffer.append(getArraySeparator());
            }
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, array[i]);
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the end of data indicator.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param object The {@link Object} to build a {@code toString} for.
     */
    public void appendEnd(final StringBuffer buffer, final Object object) {
        try {
            if (!isFieldSeparatorAtEnd()) {
                removeLastFieldSeparator(buffer);
            }
            appendContentEnd(buffer);
        } finally {
            unregister(object);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the field end.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     */
    protected void appendFieldEnd(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName) {
        appendFieldSeparator(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the field separator.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     */
    protected void appendFieldSeparator(final StringBuffer buffer) {
        buffer.append(getFieldSeparator());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the field start.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name.
     */
    protected void appendFieldStart(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName) {
        if (isUseFieldNames() && fieldName != null) {
            buffer.append(fieldName);
            buffer.append(getFieldNameValueSeparator());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends the {@link System#identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)}.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param object The {@link Object} whose id to output.
     */
    protected void appendIdentityHashCode(final StringBuffer buffer, final Object object) {
        if (isUseIdentityHashCode() && object != null) {
            register(object);
            buffer.append('@');
            buffer.append(ObjectUtils.identityHashCodeHex(object));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object}, correctly interpreting its type.
     *
     * <p>
     * This method performs the main lookup by Class type to correctly route arrays, {@link Collection}s, {@link Map}s and {@link Objects} to the appropriate
     * method.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Either detail or summary views can be specified.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If a cycle is detected, an object will be appended with the {@code Object.toString()} format.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     * @param detail    output detail or not.
     */
    protected void appendInternal(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value, final boolean detail) {
        if (isRegistered(value) && !(value instanceof Number || value instanceof Boolean || value instanceof Character)) {
            appendCyclicObject(buffer, fieldName, value);
            return;
        }
        register(value);
        try {
            if (value instanceof Collection<?>) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (Collection<?>) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, ((Collection<?>) value).size());
                }
            } else if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (Map<?, ?>) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, ((Map<?, ?>) value).size());
                }
            } else if (value instanceof long[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (long[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (long[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof int[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (int[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (int[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof short[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (short[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (short[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof byte[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (byte[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (byte[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof char[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (char[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (char[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof double[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (double[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (double[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof float[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (float[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (float[]) value);
                }
            } else if (value instanceof boolean[]) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (boolean[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (boolean[]) value);
                }
            } else if (ObjectUtils.isArray(value)) {
                if (detail) {
                    appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, (Object[]) value);
                } else {
                    appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, (Object[]) value);
                }
            } else if (detail) {
                appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, value);
            } else {
                appendSummary(buffer, fieldName, value);
            }
        } finally {
            unregister(value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an indicator for {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>
     * The default indicator is {@code "<null>"}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     */
    protected void appendNullText(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName) {
        buffer.append(getNullText());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the start of data indicator.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param object The {@link Object} to build a {@code toString} for.
     */
    public void appendStart(final StringBuffer buffer, final Object object) {
        if (object != null) {
            appendClassName(buffer, object);
            appendIdentityHashCode(buffer, object);
            appendContentStart(buffer);
            if (isFieldSeparatorAtStart()) {
                appendFieldSeparator(buffer);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code boolean} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final boolean[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code byte} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final byte[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code char} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final char[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code double} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final double[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code float} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final float[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of an {@code int} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code long} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final long[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} an {@link Object} value, printing a summary of the {@link Object}.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param value     The value to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object value) {
        buffer.append(getSummaryObjectStartText());
        buffer.append(getShortClassName(value.getClass()));
        buffer.append(getSummaryObjectEndText());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of an {@link Object} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a summary of a {@code short} array.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     */
    protected void appendSummary(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final short[] array) {
        appendSummarySize(buffer, fieldName, array.length);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} a size summary.
     *
     * <p>
     * The size summary is used to summarize the contents of {@link Collection}s, {@link Map}s and arrays.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The output consists of a prefix, the passed in size and a suffix.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * The default format is {@code "<size=n>"}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param size      The size to append.
     */
    protected void appendSummarySize(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final int size) {
        buffer.append(getSizeStartText());
        buffer.append(size);
        buffer.append(getSizeEndText());
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the superclass toString.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: It assumes that the toString has been created from the same ToStringStyle.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} {@code superToString} is ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param buffer        The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param superToString The {@code super.toString()}.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void appendSuper(final StringBuffer buffer, final String superToString) {
        appendToString(buffer, superToString);
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} another toString.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: It assumes that the toString has been created from the same ToStringStyle.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * A {@code null} {@code toString} is ignored.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param buffer   The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param toString The additional {@code toString}.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void appendToString(final StringBuffer buffer, final String toString) {
        if (toString != null) {
            final int pos1 = toString.indexOf(getContentStart()) + getContentStart().length();
            final int pos2 = toString.lastIndexOf(getContentEnd());
            if (pos1 != pos2 && pos1 >= 0 && pos2 >= 0) {
                if (isFieldSeparatorAtStart()) {
                    removeLastFieldSeparator(buffer);
                }
                buffer.append(toString, pos1, pos2);
                appendFieldSeparator(buffer);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the array end text.
     *
     * @return The current array end text.
     */
    protected String getArrayEnd() {
        return arrayEnd;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the array separator text.
     *
     * @return The current array separator text.
     */
    protected String getArraySeparator() {
        return arraySeparator;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the array start text.
     *
     * @return The current array start text.
     */
    protected String getArrayStart() {
        return arrayStart;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the content end text.
     *
     * @return The current content end text.
     */
    protected String getContentEnd() {
        return contentEnd;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the content start text.
     *
     * @return The current content start text.
     */
    protected String getContentStart() {
        return contentStart;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the field name value separator text.
     *
     * @return The current field name value separator text.
     */
    protected String getFieldNameValueSeparator() {
        return fieldNameValueSeparator;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the field separator text.
     *
     * @return The current field separator text.
     */
    protected String getFieldSeparator() {
        return fieldSeparator;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the text to output when {@code null} found.
     *
     * @return The current text to output when null found.
     */
    protected String getNullText() {
        return nullText;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the short class name for a class.
     *
     * <p>
     * The short class name is the class name excluding the package name.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param cls The {@link Class} to get the short name of.
     * @return The short name.
     */
    protected String getShortClassName(final Class<?> cls) {
        return ClassUtils.getShortClassName(cls);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the end text to output when a {@link Collection}, {@link Map} or array size is output.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output after the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return The current end of size text.
     */
    protected String getSizeEndText() {
        return sizeEndText;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the start text to output when a {@link Collection}, {@link Map} or array size is output.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output before the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return The current start of size text.
     */
    protected String getSizeStartText() {
        return sizeStartText;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the end text to output when an {@link Object} is output in summary mode.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output after the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return The current end of summary text.
     */
    protected String getSummaryObjectEndText() {
        return summaryObjectEndText;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the start text to output when an {@link Object} is output in summary mode.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output before the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return The current start of summary text.
     */
    protected String getSummaryObjectStartText() {
        return summaryObjectStartText;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether to output array content detail.
     *
     * @return The current array content detail setting.
     */
    protected boolean isArrayContentDetail() {
        return arrayContentDetail;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether full detail is used when the caller does not specify a detail level.
     *
     * @return The current defaultFullDetail flag.
     */
    protected boolean isDefaultFullDetail() {
        return defaultFullDetail;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the field separator should be added at the end of each buffer.
     *
     * @return fieldSeparatorAtEnd flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected boolean isFieldSeparatorAtEnd() {
        return fieldSeparatorAtEnd;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the field separator should be added at the start of each buffer.
     *
     * @return The fieldSeparatorAtStart flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected boolean isFieldSeparatorAtStart() {
        return fieldSeparatorAtStart;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether this field should be output in full detail.
     *
     * <p>
     * This method converts a detail request into a detail level. The calling code may request full detail ({@code true}), but a subclass might ignore that and
     * always return {@code false}. The calling code may pass in {@code null} indicating that it doesn't care about the detail level. In this case the default
     * detail level is used.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param fullDetailRequest The detail level requested.
     * @return whether full detail is to be shown.
     */
    protected boolean isFullDetail(final Boolean fullDetailRequest) {
        if (fullDetailRequest == null) {
            return isDefaultFullDetail();
        }
        return fullDetailRequest.booleanValue();
    }

    // Setters and getters for the customizable parts of the style
    // These methods are not expected to be overridden, except to make public
    // (They are not public so that immutable subclasses can be written)
    /**
     * Tests whether to use the class name.
     *
     * @return The current useClassName flag.
     */
    protected boolean isUseClassName() {
        return useClassName;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether to use the field names passed in.
     *
     * @return The current useFieldNames flag.
     */
    protected boolean isUseFieldNames() {
        return useFieldNames;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether to use the identity hash code.
     *
     * @return The current useIdentityHashCode flag.
     */
    protected boolean isUseIdentityHashCode() {
        return useIdentityHashCode;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether short class names should be output.
     *
     * @return The current useShortClassName flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected boolean isUseShortClassName() {
        return useShortClassName;
    }

    /**
     * Appends to the {@code toString} the detail of an array type.
     *
     * @param buffer    The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @param fieldName The field name, typically not used as already appended.
     * @param array     The array to add to the {@code toString}, not {@code null}.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected void reflectionAppendArrayDetail(final StringBuffer buffer, final String fieldName, final Object array) {
        buffer.append(getArrayStart());
        final int length = Array.getLength(array);
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            appendDetail(buffer, fieldName, i, Array.get(array, i));
        }
        buffer.append(getArrayEnd());
    }

    /**
     * Remove the last field separator from the buffer.
     *
     * @param buffer The {@link StringBuffer} to populate.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected void removeLastFieldSeparator(final StringBuffer buffer) {
        if (Strings.CS.endsWith(buffer, getFieldSeparator())) {
            buffer.setLength(buffer.length() - getFieldSeparator().length());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to output array content detail.
     *
     * @param arrayContentDetail The new arrayContentDetail flag.
     */
    protected void setArrayContentDetail(final boolean arrayContentDetail) {
        this.arrayContentDetail = arrayContentDetail;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the array end text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param arrayEnd The new array end text.
     */
    protected void setArrayEnd(final String arrayEnd) {
        this.arrayEnd = ObjectUtils.toString(arrayEnd);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the array separator text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param arraySeparator The new array separator text.
     */
    protected void setArraySeparator(final String arraySeparator) {
        this.arraySeparator = ObjectUtils.toString(arraySeparator);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the array start text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param arrayStart The new array start text.
     */
    protected void setArrayStart(final String arrayStart) {
        this.arrayStart = ObjectUtils.toString(arrayStart);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the content end text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param contentEnd The new content end text.
     */
    protected void setContentEnd(final String contentEnd) {
        this.contentEnd = ObjectUtils.toString(contentEnd);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the content start text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param contentStart The new content start text.
     */
    protected void setContentStart(final String contentStart) {
        this.contentStart = ObjectUtils.toString(contentStart);
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to use full detail when the caller doesn't specify.
     *
     * @param defaultFullDetail The new defaultFullDetail flag.
     */
    protected void setDefaultFullDetail(final boolean defaultFullDetail) {
        this.defaultFullDetail = defaultFullDetail;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the field name value separator text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param fieldNameValueSeparator The new field name value separator text.
     */
    protected void setFieldNameValueSeparator(final String fieldNameValueSeparator) {
        this.fieldNameValueSeparator = ObjectUtils.toString(fieldNameValueSeparator);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the field separator text.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param fieldSeparator The new field separator text.
     */
    protected void setFieldSeparator(final String fieldSeparator) {
        this.fieldSeparator = ObjectUtils.toString(fieldSeparator);
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether the field separator should be added at the end of each buffer.
     *
     * @param fieldSeparatorAtEnd The fieldSeparatorAtEnd flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected void setFieldSeparatorAtEnd(final boolean fieldSeparatorAtEnd) {
        this.fieldSeparatorAtEnd = fieldSeparatorAtEnd;
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether the field separator should be added at the start of each buffer.
     *
     * @param fieldSeparatorAtStart The fieldSeparatorAtStart flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected void setFieldSeparatorAtStart(final boolean fieldSeparatorAtStart) {
        this.fieldSeparatorAtStart = fieldSeparatorAtStart;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the text to output when {@code null} found.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param nullText The new text to output when null found.
     */
    protected void setNullText(final String nullText) {
        this.nullText = ObjectUtils.toString(nullText);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the end text to output when a {@link Collection}, {@link Map} or array size is output.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output after the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param sizeEndText The new end of size text.
     */
    protected void setSizeEndText(final String sizeEndText) {
        this.sizeEndText = ObjectUtils.toString(sizeEndText);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the start text to output when a {@link Collection}, {@link Map} or array size is output.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output before the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param sizeStartText The new start of size text.
     */
    protected void setSizeStartText(final String sizeStartText) {
        this.sizeStartText = ObjectUtils.toString(sizeStartText);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the end text to output when an {@link Object} is output in summary mode.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output after the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param summaryObjectEndText The new end of summary text.
     */
    protected void setSummaryObjectEndText(final String summaryObjectEndText) {
        this.summaryObjectEndText = ObjectUtils.toString(summaryObjectEndText);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the start text to output when an {@link Object} is output in summary mode.
     *
     * <p>
     * This is output before the size value.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} is accepted, but will be converted to an empty String.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param summaryObjectStartText The new start of summary text.
     */
    protected void setSummaryObjectStartText(final String summaryObjectStartText) {
        this.summaryObjectStartText = ObjectUtils.toString(summaryObjectStartText);
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to use the class name.
     *
     * @param useClassName The new useClassName flag.
     */
    protected void setUseClassName(final boolean useClassName) {
        this.useClassName = useClassName;
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to use the field names passed in.
     *
     * @param useFieldNames The new useFieldNames flag.
     */
    protected void setUseFieldNames(final boolean useFieldNames) {
        this.useFieldNames = useFieldNames;
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to use the identity hash code.
     *
     * @param useIdentityHashCode The new useIdentityHashCode flag.
     */
    protected void setUseIdentityHashCode(final boolean useIdentityHashCode) {
        this.useIdentityHashCode = useIdentityHashCode;
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether to output short or long class names.
     *
     * @param useShortClassName The new useShortClassName flag.
     * @since 2.0
     */
    protected void setUseShortClassName(final boolean useShortClassName) {
        this.useShortClassName = useShortClassName;
    }
}