/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang3.math;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.math.RoundingMode;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.function.Consumer;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;

/**
 * Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public class NumberUtils {

    /** Reusable Long constant for zero. */
    public static final Long LONG_ZERO = Long.valueOf(0L);

    /** Reusable Long constant for one. */
    public static final Long LONG_ONE = Long.valueOf(1L);

    /** Reusable Long constant for minus one. */
    public static final Long LONG_MINUS_ONE = Long.valueOf(-1L);

    /** Reusable Integer constant for zero. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ZERO = Integer.valueOf(0);

    /** Reusable Integer constant for one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_ONE = Integer.valueOf(1);

    /** Reusable Integer constant for two */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_TWO = Integer.valueOf(2);

    /** Reusable Integer constant for minus one. */
    public static final Integer INTEGER_MINUS_ONE = Integer.valueOf(-1);

    /** Reusable Short constant for zero. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ZERO = Short.valueOf((short) 0);

    /** Reusable Short constant for one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) 1);

    /** Reusable Short constant for minus one. */
    public static final Short SHORT_MINUS_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) -1);

    /** Reusable Byte constant for zero. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ZERO = Byte.valueOf((byte) 0);

    /** Reusable Byte constant for one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) 1);

    /** Reusable Byte constant for minus one. */
    public static final Byte BYTE_MINUS_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) -1);

    /** Reusable Double constant for zero. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ZERO = Double.valueOf(0.0d);

    /** Reusable Double constant for one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_ONE = Double.valueOf(1.0d);

    /** Reusable Double constant for minus one. */
    public static final Double DOUBLE_MINUS_ONE = Double.valueOf(-1.0d);

    /** Reusable Float constant for zero. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ZERO = Float.valueOf(0.0f);

    /** Reusable Float constant for one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_ONE = Float.valueOf(1.0f);

    /** Reusable Float constant for minus one. */
    public static final Float FLOAT_MINUS_ONE = Float.valueOf(-1.0f);

    /**
     * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} as a {@link Long}.
     *
     * @since 3.12.0
     */
    public static final Long LONG_INT_MAX_VALUE = Long.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE);

    /**
     * {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE} as a {@link Long}.
     *
     * @since 3.12.0
     */
    public static final Long LONG_INT_MIN_VALUE = Long.valueOf(Integer.MIN_VALUE);

    private static <T> boolean accept(final Consumer<T> consumer, final T obj) {
        try {
            consumer.accept(obj);
            return true;
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Compares two {@code byte} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
     *
     * @param x The first {@code byte} to compare.
     * @param y The second {@code byte} to compare.
     * @return The value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Byte#compare(byte, byte)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compare(final byte x, final byte y) {
        return Byte.compare(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two {@code int} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
     *
     * @param x The first {@code int} to compare.
     * @param y The second {@code int} to compare.
     * @return The value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Integer#compare(int, int)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compare(final int x, final int y) {
        return Integer.compare(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Compares to {@code long} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
     *
     * @param x The first {@code long} to compare.
     * @param y The second {@code long} to compare.
     * @return The value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Long#compare(long, long)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compare(final long x, final long y) {
        return Long.compare(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Compares to {@code short} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.
     *
     * @param x The first {@code short} to compare.
     * @param y The second {@code short} to compare.
     * @return The value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}.
     * @since 3.4
     * @deprecated Use {@link Short#compare(short, short)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static int compare(final short x, final short y) {
        return Short.compare(x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link BigDecimal} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.Return
     * @return converted {@link BigDecimal} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     */
    public static BigDecimal createBigDecimal(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // handle JDK1.3.1 bug where "" throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }
        return new BigDecimal(str);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link BigInteger} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * Handles hexadecimal (0x or #) and octal (0) notations.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return converted {@link BigInteger} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public static BigInteger createBigInteger(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (str.isEmpty()) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("An empty string is not a valid number");
        }
        int pos = 0; // offset within string
        int radix = 10;
        boolean negate = false; // need to negate later?
        final char char0 = str.charAt(0);
        if (char0 == '-') {
            negate = true;
            pos = 1;
        } else if (char0 == '+') {
            pos = 1;
        }
        if (str.startsWith("0x", pos) || str.startsWith("0X", pos)) { // hex
            radix = 16;
            pos += 2;
        } else if (str.startsWith("#", pos)) { // alternative hex (allowed by Long/Integer)
            radix = 16;
            pos++;
        } else if (str.startsWith("0", pos) && str.length() > pos + 1) { // octal; so long as there are additional digits
            radix = 8;
            pos++;
        } // default is to treat as decimal
        if (str.startsWith("-", pos) || str.startsWith("+", pos)) {
            // a second sign here (e.g. "--1") is not a number; new BigInteger(String) would otherwise
            // consume it and silently flip the sign. Integer.decode/Long.decode reject this the same way.
            throw new NumberFormatException("Sign character in wrong position");
        }
        final BigInteger value = new BigInteger(str.substring(pos), radix);
        return negate ? value.negate() : value;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link Double} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return converted {@link Double} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     */
    public static Double createDouble(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Double.valueOf(str);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link Float} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return converted {@link Float} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     */
    public static Float createFloat(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Float.valueOf(str);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an {@link Integer} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * Handles hexadecimal (0xhhhh) and octal (0dddd) notations. A leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return converted {@link Integer} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     */
    public static Integer createInteger(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // decode() handles 0xAABD and 0777 (hex and octal) as well.
        return Integer.decode(str);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link Long} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * Handles hexadecimal (0Xhhhh) and octal (0ddd) notations. A leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str A {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return converted {@link Long} (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     * @since 3.1
     */
    public static Long createLong(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return Long.decode(str);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@link Number} from a {@link String}.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string starts with {@code 0x} or {@code -0x} (lower or upper case) or {@code #} or {@code -#}, it will be interpreted as a hexadecimal Integer -
     * or Long, if the number of digits after the prefix is more than 8 - or BigInteger if there are more than 16 digits.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Then, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end, i.e. one of {@code 'f', 'F', 'd', 'D', 'l', 'L'}. If it is found, it starts trying to create
     * successively larger types from the type specified until one is found that can represent the value.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point and then try successively larger types from {@link Integer} to {@link BigInteger} and
     * from {@link Float} to {@link BigDecimal}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Integral values with a leading {@code 0} will be interpreted as octal; the returned number will be Integer, Long or BigDecimal as appropriate.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str String containing a number, may be null.
     * @return Number created from the string (or null if the input is null).
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if the value cannot be converted.
     */
    public static Number createNumber(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
        }
        // Need to deal with all possible hex prefixes here
        final String[] hexPrefixes = { "0x", "0X", "#" };
        final int length = str.length();
        final int offset = isSign(str.charAt(0)) ? 1 : 0;
        int pfxLen = 0;
        for (final String pfx : hexPrefixes) {
            if (str.startsWith(pfx, offset)) {
                pfxLen += pfx.length() + offset;
                break;
            }
        }
        final char lastChar = str.charAt(length - 1);
        if (pfxLen > 0) { // we have a hex number
            char firstSigDigit = 0; // strip leading zeroes
            for (int i = pfxLen; i < length; i++) {
                firstSigDigit = str.charAt(i);
                if (firstSigDigit != '0') {
                    break;
                }
                pfxLen++;
            }
            final boolean isLongCh = lastChar == 'l' || lastChar == 'L';
            int hexDigits = length - pfxLen;
            if (isLongCh) {
                hexDigits--;
            }
            if (hexDigits > 16 || hexDigits == 16 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for Long
                return createBigInteger(isLongCh ? str.substring(0, length - 1) : str);
            }
            if (isLongCh) {
                return createLong(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1));
            }
            if (hexDigits > 8 || hexDigits == 8 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for an int
                return createLong(str);
            }
            return createInteger(str);
        }
        final String mant;
        final String dec;
        final String exp;
        final int decPos = str.indexOf('.');
        final int expPos = str.indexOf('e') + str.indexOf('E') + 1; // assumes both not present
        // if both e and E are present, this is caught by the checks on expPos (which prevent IOOBE)
        // and the parsing which will detect if e or E appear in a number due to using the wrong offset
        // Detect if the return type has been requested
        final boolean requestType = !Character.isDigit(lastChar) && lastChar != '.';
        if (decPos > -1) { // there is a decimal point
            if (expPos > -1) { // there is an exponent
                if (expPos <= decPos || expPos > length) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1, expPos);
            } else {
                // No exponent, but there may be a type character to remove
                dec = str.substring(decPos + 1, requestType ? length - 1 : length);
            }
            mant = getMantissa(str, decPos);
        } else {
            if (expPos > -1) {
                if (expPos > length) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
                    throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
                }
                mant = getMantissa(str, expPos);
            } else {
                // No decimal, no exponent, but there may be a type character to remove
                mant = getMantissa(str, requestType ? length - 1 : length);
            }
            dec = null;
        }
        if (requestType) {
            if (expPos > -1 && expPos < length - 1) {
                exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, length - 1);
            } else {
                exp = null;
            }
            // Requesting a specific type.
            final String numeric = str.substring(0, length - 1);
            switch (lastChar) {
            case 'l':
            case 'L':
                if (dec == null && exp == null && (!numeric.isEmpty() && isSign(numeric.charAt(0)) && isDigits(numeric.substring(1)) || isDigits(numeric))) {
                    try {
                        return createLong(numeric);
                    } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                        // Too big for a long
                    }
                    return createBigInteger(numeric);
                }
                throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
            case 'f':
            case 'F':
                try {
                    final Float f = createFloat(str);
                    if (!(f.isInfinite() || f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !isZero(mant, dec))) {
                        // If it's too big for a float or the float value = 0 and the string
                        // has non-zeros in it, then float does not have the precision we want
                        return f;
                    }
                } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                // falls-through
            case 'd':
            case 'D':
                try {
                    final Double d = createDouble(str);
                    if (!(d.isInfinite() || d.doubleValue() == 0.0D && !isZero(mant, dec))) {
                        return d;
                    }
                } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                try {
                    return createBigDecimal(numeric);
                } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                    // ignore the bad number
                }
                // falls-through
            default:
                throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
            }
        }
        // User doesn't have a preference on the return type, so let's start
        // small and go from there...
        if (expPos > -1 && expPos < length - 1) {
            exp = str.substring(expPos + 1);
        } else {
            exp = null;
        }
        if (dec == null && exp == null) { // no decimal point and no exponent
            // Must be an Integer, Long, Biginteger
            try {
                return createInteger(str);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                // ignore the bad number
            }
            try {
                return createLong(str);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
                // ignore the bad number
            }
            return createBigInteger(str);
        }
        // Must be a Float, Double, BigDecimal
        try {
            final Float f = createFloat(str);
            final Double d = createDouble(str);
            if (!f.isInfinite() && !(f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !isZero(mant, dec)) && f.toString().equals(d.toString())) {
                return f;
            }
            if (!d.isInfinite() && !(d.doubleValue() == 0.0D && !isZero(mant, dec))) {
                final BigDecimal b = createBigDecimal(str);
                if (b.compareTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(d.doubleValue())) == 0) {
                    return d;
                }
                return b;
            }
        } catch (final NumberFormatException ignored) {
            // ignore the bad number
        }
        return createBigDecimal(str);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the mantissa of the given number.
     *
     * @param str     The string representation of the number.
     * @param stopPos The position of the exponent or decimal point.
     * @return mantissa of the given number.
     * @throws NumberFormatException Thrown if no mantissa can be retrieved.
     */
    private static String getMantissa(final String str, final int stopPos) {
        final char firstChar = str.charAt(0);
        final boolean hasSign = isSign(firstChar);
        final int length = str.length();
        if (length <= (hasSign ? 1 : 0) || length < stopPos) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
        }
        return hasSign ? str.substring(1, stopPos) : str.substring(0, stopPos);
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the given string only contains {@code '0'} characters.
     *
     * @param str The String to check.
     * @return if it is all zeros or {@code null}.
     */
    private static boolean isAllZeros(final String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            return true;
        }
        for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (str.charAt(i) != '0') {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the String is a valid Java number.
     *
     * <p>
     * Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the {@code 0x} or {@code 0X} qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and numbers marked with a type
     * qualifier (e.g. 123L).
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are treated as octal values. Thus the string {@code 09} will return {@code false}, since {@code 9}
     * is not a valid octal value. However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} and empty/blank {@link String} will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every input resulting in {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The {@link String} to check.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is a correctly formatted number.
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static boolean isCreatable(final String str) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
            return false;
        }
        try {
            createNumber(str);
            return true;
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the {@link String} contains only digit characters.
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} and empty String will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The {@link String} to check
     * @return {@code true} if str contains only Unicode numeric
     */
    public static boolean isDigits(final String str) {
        return StringUtils.isNumeric(str);
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the String is a valid Java number.
     *
     * <p>
     * Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the {@code 0x} or {@code 0X} qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and numbers marked with a type
     * qualifier (e.g. 123L).
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are treated as octal values. Thus the string {@code 09} will return {@code false}, since {@code 9}
     * is not a valid octal value. However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * {@code null} and empty/blank {@link String} will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every input resulting in {@code true}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The {@link String} to check.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is a correctly formatted number.
     * @since 3.3 the code supports hexadecimal {@code 0Xhhh} an octal {@code 0ddd} validation.
     * @deprecated This feature will be removed in Lang 4, use {@link NumberUtils#isCreatable(String)} instead.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static boolean isNumber(final String str) {
        return isCreatable(str);
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the given String is a parsable number.
     * <p>
     * Parsable numbers include those Strings understood by {@link Integer#parseInt(String)}, {@link Long#parseLong(String)}, {@link Float#parseFloat(String)}
     * or {@link Double#parseDouble(String)}. This method can be used instead of catching {@link java.text.ParseException} when calling one of those methods.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Scientific notation (for example, {@code "1.2e-5"}) and type suffixes (e.g., {@code "2.0f"}, {@code "2.0d"}) are supported as they are valid for
     * {@link Float#parseFloat(String)} and {@link Double#parseDouble(String)} as are {@code "NaN"}, {@code "Infinity"}, {@code "+Infinity"}, and
     * {@code "-Infinity"}. Callers requiring finite-only validation should compose with {@link Double#isFinite(double)}.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * {@code null} and empty String will return {@code false}.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param str The String to check.
     * @return {@code true} if the string is a parsable number.
     * @see Integer#parseInt(String)
     * @see Long#parseLong(String)
     * @see Double#parseDouble(String)
     * @see Float#parseFloat(String)
     * @since 3.4
     */
    public static boolean isParsable(final String str) {
        return accept(Double::parseDouble, str) || accept(Long::parseLong, str);
    }

    private static boolean isSign(final char ch) {
        return ch == '-' || ch == '+';
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the magnitude of the number is zero. Used by {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.
     *
     * <p>
     * This will check if the magnitude of the number is zero by checking if there are only zeros before and after the decimal place.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Note: It is <strong>assumed</strong> that the input string has been converted to either a Float or Double with a value of zero when this method is
     * called. This eliminates invalid input for example {@code ".", ".D", ".e0"}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Thus the method only requires checking if both arguments are null, empty or contain only zeros.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * Given {@code s = mant + "." + dec}:
     * </p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code true} if s is {@code "0.0"}</li>
     * <li>{@code true} if s is {@code "0."}</li>
     * <li>{@code true} if s is {@code ".0"}</li>
     * <li>{@code false} otherwise (this assumes {@code "."} is not possible)</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param mant The mantissa decimal digits before the decimal point (sign must be removed; never null).
     * @param dec  The decimal digits after the decimal point (exponent and type specifier removed; can be null)
     * @return true if the magnitude is zero.
     */
    private static boolean isZero(final String mant, final String dec) {
        return isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(dec);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(byte[]) to max(byte...).
     */
    public static byte max(final byte... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        byte max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code byte} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     */
    public static byte max(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(double[]) to max(double...)
     */
    public static double max(final double... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        double max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            max = Math.max(max, array[j]);
        }
        return max;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code double} values.
     *
     * <p>
     * If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is returned. Infinity is handled.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     */
    public static double max(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(float[]) to max(float...).
     */
    public static float max(final float... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        float max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            max = Math.max(max, array[j]);
        }
        return max;
    }
    // must handle Long, Float, Integer, Float, Short,
    // BigDecimal, BigInteger and Byte
    // useful methods:
    // Byte.decode(String)
    // Byte.valueOf(String, int radix)
    // Byte.valueOf(String)
    // Double.valueOf(String)
    // Float.valueOf(String)
    // Float.valueOf(String)
    // Integer.valueOf(String, int radix)
    // Integer.valueOf(String)
    // Integer.decode(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String)
    // Integer.getInteger(String, int val)
    // Integer.getInteger(String, Integer val)
    // Integer.valueOf(String)
    // Double.valueOf(String)
    // new Byte(String)
    // Long.valueOf(String)
    // Long.getLong(String)
    // Long.getLong(String, int)
    // Long.getLong(String, Integer)
    // Long.valueOf(String, int)
    // Long.valueOf(String)
    // Short.valueOf(String)
    // Short.decode(String)
    // Short.valueOf(String, int)
    // Short.valueOf(String)
    // new BigDecimal(String)
    // new BigInteger(String)
    // new BigInteger(String, int radix)
    // Possible inputs:
    // 45 45.5 45E7 4.5E7 Hex Oct Binary xxxF xxxD xxxf xxxd
    // plus minus everything. Prolly more. A lot are not separable.

    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code float} values.
     *
     * <p>
     * If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is returned. Infinity is handled.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     */
    public static float max(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
        return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(int[]) to max(int...).
     */
    public static int max(final int... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        int max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code int} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     */
    public static int max(int a, final int b, final int c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(long[]) to max(long...).
     */
    public static long max(final long... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        long max = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] > max) {
                max = array[j];
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

    // 3 param max
    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code long} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     */
    public static long max(long a, final long b, final long c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The maximum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(short[]) to max(short...).
     */
    public static short max(final short... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns max
        short max = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] > max) {
                max = array[i];
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the maximum of three {@code short} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The largest of the values.
     */
    public static short max(short a, final short b, final short c) {
        if (b > a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c > a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(byte[]) to min(byte...).
     */
    public static byte min(final byte... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        byte min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code byte} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     */
    public static byte min(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(double[]) to min(double...).
     */
    public static double min(final double... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        double min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            min = Math.min(min, array[i]);
        }
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code double} values.
     *
     * <p>
     * If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is returned. Infinity is handled.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     */
    public static double min(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(float[]) to min(float...).
     */
    public static float min(final float... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        float min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            min = Math.min(min, array[i]);
        }
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code float} values.
     *
     * <p>
     * If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is returned. Infinity is handled.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     * @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently.
     */
    public static float min(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
        return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(int[]) to min(int...).
     */
    public static int min(final int... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        int min = array[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
            if (array[j] < min) {
                min = array[j];
            }
        }
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code int} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     */
    public static int min(int a, final int b, final int c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(long[]) to min(long...).
     */
    public static long min(final long... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        long min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
        return min;
    }

    // 3 param min
    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code long} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     */
    public static long min(long a, final long b, final long c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value in an array.
     *
     * @param array An array, must not be null or empty.
     * @return The minimum value in the array.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(short[]) to min(short...).
     */
    public static short min(final short... array) {
        // Validates input
        validateArray(array);
        // Finds and returns min
        short min = array[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < min) {
                min = array[i];
            }
        }
        return min;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the minimum of three {@code short} values.
     *
     * @param a value 1.
     * @param b value 2.
     * @param c value 3.
     * @return The smallest of the values.
     */
    public static short min(short a, final short b, final short c) {
        if (b < a) {
            a = b;
        }
        if (c < a) {
            a = c;
        }
        return a;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code byte}, returning {@code zero} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be null.
     * @return The byte represented by the string, or {@code zero} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(final String str) {
        return toByte(str, (byte) 0);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code byte}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be null.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static byte toByte(final String str, final byte defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Byte.parseByte(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link BigDecimal} to a {@code double}.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the {@link BigDecimal} {@code value} is {@code null}, then the specified default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null)                     = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(BigDecimal.valueOf(8.5d)) = 8.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param value The {@link BigDecimal} to convert, may be {@code null}.
     * @return The double represented by the {@link BigDecimal} or {@code 0.0d} if the {@link BigDecimal} is {@code null}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static double toDouble(final BigDecimal value) {
        return toDouble(value, 0.0d);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link BigDecimal} to a {@code double}.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the {@link BigDecimal} {@code value} is {@code null}, then the specified default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)                     = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(BigDecimal.valueOf(8.5d), 1.1d) = 8.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param value        The {@link BigDecimal} to convert, may be {@code null}.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The double represented by the {@link BigDecimal} or the defaultValue if the {@link BigDecimal} is {@code null}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static double toDouble(final BigDecimal value, final double defaultValue) {
        return value == null ? defaultValue : value.doubleValue();
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code double}, returning {@code 0.0d} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, {@code 0.0d} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null)   = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("")     = 0.0d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5")  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be {@code null}.
     * @return The double represented by the string, or {@code 0.0d} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(final String str) {
        return toDouble(str, 0.0d);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code double}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d)   = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d)     = 1.1d
     *   NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d)  = 1.5d
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be {@code null}
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The double represented by the string, or defaultValue if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static double toDouble(final String str, final double defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Double.parseDouble(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code float}, returning {@code 0.0f} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, {@code 0.0f} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null)   = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("")     = 0.0f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5")  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be {@code null}.
     * @return The float represented by the string, or {@code 0.0f} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(final String str) {
        return toFloat(str, 0.0f);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code float}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f)   = 1.1f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f)     = 1.1f
     *   NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f)  = 1.5f
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be {@code null}.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The float represented by the string, or defaultValue if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static float toFloat(final String str, final float defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Float.parseFloat(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to an {@code int}, returning {@code zero} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be null.
     * @return The int represented by the string, or {@code zero} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(final String str) {
        return toInt(str, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to an {@code int}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be null.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static int toInt(final String str, final int defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Integer.parseInt(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code long}, returning {@code zero} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("")   = 0L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1")  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be null.
     * @return The long represented by the string, or {@code 0} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(final String str) {
        return toLong(str, 0L);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code long}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L)   = 1L
     *   NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L)  = 1L
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be null.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static long toLong(final String str, final long defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Long.parseLong(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link BigDecimal} to a {@link BigDecimal} with a scale of two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
     * {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, the scale of a {@link BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param value The {@link BigDecimal} to convert, may be null.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final BigDecimal value) {
        return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link BigDecimal} to a {@link BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value with a {@link RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value}
     * is {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
     *
     * @param value        The {@link BigDecimal} to convert, may be null.
     * @param scale        The number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * @param roundingMode A rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of discarding precision.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final BigDecimal value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
        if (value == null) {
            return BigDecimal.ZERO;
        }
        return value.setScale(scale, roundingMode == null ? RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN : roundingMode);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link Double} to a {@link BigDecimal} with a scale of two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
     * {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, the scale of a {@link BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param value The {@link Double} to convert, may be null.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Double value) {
        return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link Double} to a {@link BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value with a {@link RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value} is
     * {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
     *
     * @param value        The {@link Double} to convert, may be null.
     * @param scale        The number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * @param roundingMode A rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of discarding precision.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Double value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
        if (value == null) {
            return BigDecimal.ZERO;
        }
        return toScaledBigDecimal(BigDecimal.valueOf(value), scale, roundingMode);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link Float} to a {@link BigDecimal} with a scale of two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
     * {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, the scale of a {@link BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param value The {@link Float} to convert, may be null.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Float value) {
        return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link Float} to a {@link BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value with a {@link RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value} is
     * {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
     *
     * @param value        The {@link Float} to convert, may be null.
     * @param scale        The number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * @param roundingMode A rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of discarding precision.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Float value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
        if (value == null) {
            return BigDecimal.ZERO;
        }
        return toScaledBigDecimal(BigDecimal.valueOf(value), scale, roundingMode);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@link BigDecimal} with a scale of two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
     * {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
     *
     * <p>
     * Note, the scale of a {@link BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param value The {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final String value) {
        return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@link BigDecimal} whose scale is the specified value with a {@link RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value} is
     * {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
     *
     * @param value        The {@link String} to convert, may be null.
     * @param scale        The number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
     * @param roundingMode A rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of discarding precision.
     * @return The scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@link BigDecimal}.
     * @since 3.8
     */
    public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final String value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
        if (value == null) {
            return BigDecimal.ZERO;
        }
        return toScaledBigDecimal(createBigDecimal(value), scale, roundingMode);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to a {@code short}, returning {@code zero} if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("")   = 0
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1")  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str The string to convert, may be null.
     * @return The short represented by the string, or {@code zero} if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(final String str) {
        return toShort(str, (short) 0);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a {@link String} to an {@code short}, returning a default value if the conversion fails.
     *
     * <p>
     * If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.
     * </p>
     *
     * <pre>
     *   NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("", 1)   = 1
     *   NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0)  = 1
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param str          The string to convert, may be null.
     * @param defaultValue The default value.
     * @return The short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails.
     * @since 2.5
     */
    public static short toShort(final String str, final short defaultValue) {
        try {
            return Short.parseShort(str);
        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
            return defaultValue;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the specified array is neither null nor empty.
     *
     * @param array The array to check.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if {@code array} is empty.
     * @throws NullPointerException     Thrown if {@code array} is {@code null}.
     */
    private static void validateArray(final Object array) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(array, "array");
        Validate.isTrue(Array.getLength(array) != 0, "Array cannot be empty.");
    }

    /**
     * {@link NumberUtils} instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming. Instead, the class should be used as {@code NumberUtils.toInt("6");}.
     *
     * <p>
     * This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance to operate.
     * </p>
     *
     * @deprecated TODO Make private in 4.0.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public NumberUtils() {
        // empty
    }
}